Shear strength prediction for steel reinforced concrete deep beams

This study proposes an analytical method for determining the shear strengths of steel reinforced concrete deep beams under the failure mode of concrete crushing originally based on the softened strut-and-tie model. The proposed method is a good physical model that can correlate well with the observed failure phenomenon of steel reinforced concrete deep beams. By comparing the predictions of the proposed method with the available test results from the literature, it was found that the proposed method is capable of predicting the shear strengths for steel reinforced concrete deep beams with sufficient accuracy. The shear-carrying behavior of steel reinforced concrete deep beams is highly influenced by the ratios of flange width to gross width, the shear span-to-depth ratios, and the concrete strengths. When the ratio of flange width to gross width is low, the shear-carrying capacities of steel reinforced concrete deep beams increase with the increasing ratio. However, if the ratio of the flange width to gross width is higher than a critical value, then the failure mode of steel reinforced concrete deep beams will be converted from diagonal compression failure into bearing failure.     

Assessment of strain bursting in deep tunnelling by using the finite-discrete element method

Rockbursting in deep tunnelling is a complex phenomenon posing significant challenges both at the design and construction stages of an underground excavation within hard rock masses and under high in situ stresses. While local experience, field monitoring, and informed data-rich analysis are some of the tools commonly used to manage the hazards and the associated risks, advanced numerical techniques based on discontinuum modelling have also shown potential in assisting in the assessment of rockbursting. In this study, the hybrid finite-discrete element method (FDEM) is employed to investigate the failure and fracturing processes, and the mechanisms of energy storage and rapid release resulting in bursting, as well as to assess its utility as part of the design process of underground excavations. Following the calibration of the numerical model to simulate a deep excavation in a hard, massive rock mass, discrete fracture network (DFN) geometries are integrated into the model in order to examine the impact of rock structure on rockbursting under high in situ stresses. The obtained analysis results not only highlight the importance of explicitly simulating pre-existing joints within the model, as they affect the mobilised failure mechanisms and the intensity of strain bursting phenomena, but also show how the employed joint network geometry, the field stress conditions, and their interaction influence the extent and depth of the excavation induced damage. Furthermore, a rigorous analysis of the mass and velocity of the ejected rock blocks and comparison of the obtained data with well-established semi-empirical approaches demonstrate the potential of the method to provide realistic estimates of the kinetic energy released during bursting for determining the energy support demand.     

再读"白色派"

当现代主义建筑面临危机的时候,纽约五人旗帜鲜明地扛起了继承现代主义的重任,他们继承了现代主义的许多理论观点,并且把这些观点、手法推向了极致。无论最终走向何方,他们的设计理念始终站在历史的前沿。对他们的设计理论理解开始于柯布西耶,而对他们的继承则是我们永远的共同的历程。     

某型航空自导深弹保险装置技术状态试验评估

针对某型航空自导深弹已经过两次延寿,并面临再次到寿的问题,在分析深弹保险装置的结构和工作原理的基础上,研制了专用试验设备,并对其进行技术状态评估试验研究。试验结果表明,深弹保险装置经长期贮存及挂机值班使用后,性能未发生变化,技术状态比较稳定,具备延寿潜力。     

基桩自平衡法承载力检测试验在深基坑中的应用

在深基坑的基桩竖向承载力检测中,经常遇到场地条件、加载吨位受限制的情况,导致传统静载荷试验无法开展。基桩竖向承载力自平衡法可较好解决深基坑中传统静载方法受限的局面,本文结合工程实践对基桩竖向承载力自平衡法进行研究,并指出自平衡法在工程运用中存在的一些问题,对基桩自平衡法静载试验的推广应用具有一定的参考价值。     

辽宁首钢硼铁矿大块防治技术研究与应用

以首钢硼铁矿中深孔爆破为例,论述了大块产生的部位和原因,并提出了一些防治措施,对露天矿山中深孔爆破控制大块的产生具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Axisymmetric alternating direction explicit scheme for efficient coupled simulation of hydro-mechanical interaction in geotechnical engineering—Application to circular footing and deep tunnel in saturated ground

Explicit solution techniques have been widely used in geotechnical engineering for simulating the coupled hydro-mechanical (H-M) interaction of fluid flow and deformation induced by structures built above and under saturated ground, i.e. circular footing and deep tunnel. However, the technique is only conditionally stable and requires small time steps, portending its inefficiency for simulating large-scale H-M problems. To improve its efficiency, the unconditionally stable alternating direction explicit (ADE) scheme could be used to solve the flow problem. The standard ADE scheme, however, is only moderately accurate and is restricted to uniform grids and plane strain flow conditions. This paper aims to remove these drawbacks by developing a novel high-order ADE scheme capable of solving flow problems in non-uniform grids and under axisymmetric conditions. The new scheme is derived by performing a fourth-order finite difference (FD) approximation to the spatial derivatives of the axisymmetric fluid–diffusion equation in a non-uniform grid configuration. The implicit Crank-Nicolson technique is then applied to the resulting approximation, and the subsequent equation is split into two alternating direction sweeps, giving rise to a new axisymmetric ADE scheme. The pore pressure solutions from the new scheme are then sequentially coupled with an existing geomechanical simulator in the computer code fast Lagrangian analysis of continua (FLAC). This coupling procedure is called the sequentially-explicit coupling technique based on the fourth-order axisymmetric ADE scheme or SEA-4-AXI. Application of SEA-4-AXI for solving axisymmetric consolidation of a circular footing and of advancing tunnel in deep saturated ground shows that SEA-4-AXI reduces computer runtime up to 42%–50% that of FLAC's basic scheme without numerical instability. In addition, it produces high numerical accuracy of the H-M solutions with average percentage difference of only 0.5%–1.8%.     

Finite element parametric study of the performance of a deep excavation

Deep excavations are widely used for the development of underground space. The structural performance of any deep excavation is influenced by details of the soil behaviour, the form of the retaining and support structures that are employed and also the sequence of construction. Finite element analysis is potentially an effective tool for considering both the geotechnical and structural aspects of the design of deep excavations. To capture the main features of the excavation behaviour, a finite element model is required that is able to represent the principal deformation and structural mechanisms at an appropriate level of detail. The current paper explores the various modelling assumptions that need to be considered when developing detailed 3D finite element models for the design of deep excavations. A parametric study is described, based on an idealised square excavation, to investigate the influence that certain key features of the model can have on the quality of the computed results. The study includes the choice of element type to model the structural components, the selection of appropriate material parameters, the choice of procedures to model post-cure shrinkage of the concrete elements and the choice of procedure to model the soil/structure interfaces. The results of this parametric study provide guidance for the development of finite element models for practical design purposes.     

Investigation into performance of deep excavation in sand covered karst: A case report

Performing deep excavations in karst regions is likely lead to geo-hazards, e.g. sinkholes, water ingress, and ground surface settlement. This case report presents the performance of a 16-m deep excavation in sand covered karst in Metro Line no. 9, Guangzhou, China. The performances during deep excavation, including lateral wall deflection, vertical wall movement, ground surface settlement, and settlement of adjoining buildings, were monitored and evaluated. Based upon the interpretation of the field measurements, the following major findings were obtained: (i) the lateral wall deflection and surface settlement measurements were smaller those cited in other case studies with similar geological conditions, (ii) both the grouting of the karst cavern and the use of the socket diaphragm wall panel dominated the performance of the deep excavation; (iii) the type of the founding structure could significantly affect the settlement development of the adjoining buildings. This case report provides insight into the design and construction of deep, narrow excavations in sand covered karst in a metropolitan environment.     

Assessing the mitigation effect of deep tunnels on urban flooding: a case study in Guangzhou,China

ABSTRACT

There are growing demands of deep tunnels to mitigate the severe urban flooding by providing a large storage capacity for excess storm runoff. This study aims to assess the flooding mitigation effect of a deep tunnel system proposed in the old downtown of Guangzhou, China, and to quantify the flooding volume difference by two storm hyetographs, the Chicago curve and the Improved Huff curve. Results show that the flooding volume is significantly reduced by a minimum of 19% and a maximum of 42% under design storms of 10- and 0.5-year return periods, respectively, when the deep tunnel system is constructed. There is a distinct spatial pattern for the mitigation effect. The best mitigation is in the west and the immediate north of the main tunnel, whereas the east does not show significant mitigation. Moreover, the actual flooding risk is likely underestimated when the Chicago curve is employed to design the storms.